Ammonia synthesis



- no hydrocyanic acid UNITED STATES ,PATENT OFFICE.

JOHN COLLINS CLANCY, OF NIAGARA FALLS, NEW YORK, ASSIGNOR- TO THE NITRO- GEN CORPORATION, OF PROVIDENCE, RHODE ISLAND, A CORPORATION OF RHODE ISLAND.

AMMONIA SYNTHESIS,

To r/Z/ Whom it may conm'rn Be it known that I, JUHN Connms (humor, a citizen of the United States, residing, at Niagara Falls, in the county of Niagara and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful luiproveincnts in Ammonia ynthesis, of whirh the following is a specilication.

This invention rolalcs lo a process of svnthesizing aunnonia from it; elements and in one of its aspects is especially concerned with certain discoveries which 1 have made in connection with catalytic materials by means of which such synthesis may be ell'ectcd.

Much has been written, especially in patent literature. concerning the supposed of ficacy of various catalysts for the synthesis of ammonia; and among these calcium cyanamid is mentioned in the French patent to Brochet and lioiteau, No. 425,952, published June 24, 1911.

Calcium cyauainid is therein described as a suitable catalyst and the specific statement is made that the combination of hydrogen and nitrogen cllects itself at atmospheric pressure, but one can equally operate with a different pressure.

I myself, long since arrived at the conclusion that such a substance as calcium eyanamid should be capable of being eflectively used as a catalyst for the purpose in question; but subsequently discovered, when attempting to use it under pressures approximating that of the atmosphere or somewhat higher, that that catalyst was not a true catalyst, since it decomposed when heated to operating temperatures (e. g. 450 C.) when in the presence of a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen,ammonia and hydrocyanic acid being liberated.

This discovery for a time caused me to relinquish all thought of using calcium cyanamid as an ammonia synthesizing catalyst; but I subsequently made further discovery, which was in a way most unexpected, namely, that when relatively high pressures are used in the synthesizing operation, this catalyst, especially when prepare as hereinafter described, is not destroyed,-

being liberated. properly prepared calsynthesize elements of In other words, cium cyanainid, when used to ammonia from a mixture of the Specification of Letters Patent.

Patented Sept. 7, 1920.

Divided and this application Serial No, 322,420.

the latter, preferably in combining proportions, at a temperature which ordinarily would cause dissociation of the catalyst, but under a high pressure,does not dissociate, but rather acts as a true catalyst and moreover a particularly effective one.

This discovery is directly at variance with the statement in the French patent aforesaid; and coi'istitutes, I believe, a material step forward in this art.

That the mere application of pressure to the gaseous mixture being treated, whereby in turn to subject the exceedingly porous and otherwise unstable catalyst material to higlppressure, should thus apparently render this cyanamid stable and enable it to act as a true catalyst, is noteworthy, and assuredly not to be expected from any disclosure in the art with which I am acquainted.

I have also discovered that calcium cyanamid is not the only substance which behaves in this peculiar fashion. Thus,--to select another cyanamid the metal base of which belongs to a totally different group of metals,-copper cyananiid, while of itself not an efficient lowlemperature catalyst, nevertheless behaves in a very similar way, in that when properly prepared for use in a atalyst and subjected to ammoni synthesizing conditions, using a gaseous'mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen under say 1500 pounds pressure, it is not decomposed; while on the other hand, with everything else the same as in the preceding example, except 1 that the pressure used is but substantially that of the atmosphere,-I find that the copper cyanamid behaves just as does the calcium oyanainid under such circumstances namely, it; decomposes with liberation 0t hydrocyanic acid. i

-The same thing applies to silver cyanamid, which, also, when properly prepared and used under high pressure is available for use in a low-temperature catalyst, especially as a carrier for more active catalytic material, as hereinafter described.

Copper cyanamid is especiall worthy of remark; because copper has, I elieve, generally been regarded by those familiar with this art, as a catalytic poison.

Again, barium cyanamid is another Substance which is converted to a stablwatalyst and prevented from decompdsi'ngflurmg ammonia. synthesis, only by subjecting it to hih pressure to prevent the formation of HG Barium cyanamid, like calcium cyanamid, is a particularly efficient catalyst when used under, say, one hundred atmospheres pressure. Strontium cyanamid is #150 available for use under such conditions.

Having thus considered the effect of pressure, I will now point out certain physical characteristics which I have discovered are practically essential to any really available catalyst for the synthetic reaction in ques tion.

As is well known, the function of a catalyst of the kind in question is to pro mote or expedite a reaction which, if glven sufficient time, would continue to take place in any event, if not otherwise interrupted, until equilibrium under the rescr ibed conditions had been establishe and, loosely speaking, there are an enormous number of substances which can perform the function, to some measure, of speeding up the combination of mixed nitrogen and hydrogen, to form ammonia.

Th measure of thmeiiiciency of such *catalysts" is hoivever in nearly every instance very small uideed, and in most cases is negligible; certainly from any practical or commercial standpoint.

Further, and aside from the chemical composition of the substance selected, I have found that the physical condition of the contact body used, is next in importance to chemical composition, for the purpose in question. Thus calcium cyanamid as pre pared commercially is, even vhen used under high pressure, by no means comparable as catalytic material to this substance as pro-- pared according to the methods hereinafter described.

Properly speaking, then, commercial calcium cyanamid, in the absence of some preparatory treatment to open it up, so to speak, and render it porous, is not specially good catalytic material for commercial ammonia synthesis; because it is not in physical condition toadapt it for use for that pur' pose. It is too dense and hard and offers for a given weight thereof, bfitrcomparritively little surface: in contact with which the synthesis can be effected; and to render this and like substances available for use, they must be produced or treated in a manner to import to them physical characteristics uite different from the familiar ones thereo My new catalytic materials may conveniently be prepared in various ways, but in any case are preferably formed at relatively low temperatures; e. g. a black heat, anr, desirably, very much lower, indeed, than this.

For example, I may preprre a solution 0 commercial calcium cyanamid in water and purify it with nitrate of silver, to eliminate the sulfur. The solution filtered oil from the silver sulfid, is one of pure (laUN This solution is now treated with carbon dioxid gas and, after the calcium carbonate formed has been separated by filtration, the filtrate is evaporated to dryness undenvacuum, -to yield crystals of cyanamid (H,(N 4

'lhese crystals, I have .discovered, are soluble in liquid ammonia, and to such a solution l add pure metallic calcium, which also is soluble in liquid ammonia; the calcium bein added in molecular proportions, to form QaCN Obviously, this reaction is preferably effected at a temperature of zero degrees cent-igrade, or lower, and the re sultant precipitate is a pure white calcium cya'namid, much like sugar in appearance, except that it is exceedingly flocculcnt and porous.

It may be readily separated from the liquid ammonia by filtration and any ol the solvent remaining therein may, of course,

readily be driven off as \upoi at a low temperature.

The so produced calcium cyunnmid is white and exceedingly porous and open,

whereas commercial ryanumid, usua-lly pro duced in an electric furnace and at high temperatures, is black and dense; a smtcrerl )roduct. unsuitable for use as a catalyst.

ioreovcr, when calcium cyanumid is dissolved in water and evaporated, it dissociates into dicyandiamid and urea. (.om mercial calcium cyanamid hence cannot well be purified in this manner, and whileit is probable that it could be produced relatively quite pure. in the electric furnace, it would be quite too dense for the purpose intended.

Barium cyanamid, the second alkaline earth metal cyanamid, mentioned by way of illustration in the foregoing, may be produced in form to behave as an active catalyst. as follows:

Barium cyanid is prepared in pure condition and is treated in a closed receptacle with nitrogen or ammonia. vapor, While heated to a temperature preferably less than black heat; say 350-400 or slightly lower. Barium cyanamid, BaCN is formed brown or black in color and peculiarly expanded and porous in character. The color is apparently due to free carbon in the product. At about 350 C. the mass turns light brown; at about 375 C, it becomes dark brown; and as 400 C. is approached, it turns black. It also tends to darken at the lower temperatures noted, as the period of treatment is prolonged.

Lumps of this material, which are quite self sustaining in character, may be used under pressure (to revent decomposition with formation of CN, as noted), as efficient catalysts for ammonia synthesis. Expanded and highly orous strontium cyanamid may be similar y prepared.

llll

In preparing copper or silver eyauamid. for example, the procedure may be as follows:

I first prepare solution of pure calcium cyanamid in w: ter and to this add a solu tion of copper chlorid in water, to form a jet black irecipitate of copper cyunamid (cupric salt). After filtering, the precipitateis washed free from chlorids and is then dried at from 200-3OU Cl; care being taken not to heat much above 300 (1. on account of the. likelihood of explosion.

In fact, it is preferable to heat pieccmeal, that is to say not in mass, as the mass it of considerable size is apt to explode violently. This heating operation may be conducted in an atmosphere of ammonia vapor, or nitrogen and hydrogen, or nitro gen, or in any inertgas; and the small por' tions being dried will usually pop or sputter as the gas generated in them expands and swells them out to form a highly expanded, porous substance, which is then 'reacly for use as acatalyst.

-Another mode of preparing the copper cyanamid catalytic material is to convert calcium cyanamid into ammonium cyana mid according to the equations:

In using either ammonium carbonate or oxalate, as per these erpiations, it will be understood that such materials, as also the calcium cyanamid, are preferably chemically pure. The insoluble calcium carbonate or oxalate formed is filtered oil and to the filtrate 1 add a solution of copper chlorid. to form a jet black precipitate of CMX This is separated from the liquid by filter ing and is washed to free it from chlorids. It is then dried and treated as before to form the highl expanded material.

The porous umps of pure copper cyan amid thus formed may be converted to copper nitrid by treatment with nitrogen mixed with hydrogen, at 500 C. or somewhat higher, under atmospheric pressure; HFN being given off copiously.

The copper nitrid product is black and in the. form of very porous particles, and this substance is also available 'ior use as a. catalyst. although not so highly cilicient as the similarly constitutml substances mcn tioned which ingcueral may he more properly characterized as derivatives of cyanamid.

The preparation of silver compounds corresponding to the above copper compounds may readil and similarly he eflcctcd by substituting a suitable silver salt, such as the nitrate, or the corresponding copper salt.

It is also possible to combine the above mentioned materials to advantage in certain ways. 'lhus. if after the masses or lumps of, for example, expanded copper cyanamid have been prepared, they are then treated with a solution of metallic calcium, or the like, iii-liquid ammonia and the latter is vaporized oli.--therex will have been foruicd an expanded mass of copper cyanamill, imprvgnated throughout its multitudinous pores with metallic calcium. All of the foregoing operations are carried out in closed receptacles and in such fashion as to avoid contamination by oxygen from the air or. from other sources. 7

The so formed impregnated copper cy anamid is then heated to, say, 25()-30l) C. in an autoclave or elsewhere, with, however. no oxygen presentm .form calcium cyan-amid in particularly active catalytic condition. directly in the pores of the exanded copper cyanamid lumps, which now will also contain metallic copper. This metal-is present, in cilect, in ramiiied form and acts as a conductor of heat during the subsequent exothermic ammonia-forming reaction.

Silver may, of course, be substituted for copper in the above, as already observed. I desire not to be limited to the above recited modes of preparing materials in condition for use as effective catalysts for ammonia. synthesis; those herein described being given merely by way of example. 'lhus. by way of further illustration:

Starting with a solution of pure metallic alcium in liquid ammonia, l bubble hydrocyanic acid gas through said solution to form calcium cyanid. Ca(CN),, which is precipitated as a flocculent white powder, the particles or crystals of which are finer than those of the analogously produced calcium cyauamid. i

This precipitate is readily separated from the liquid ammonia by filtration and responds to all of the tests for a cyanid and not to those for a cyanarnid. This substance, so far as I am aware. has never before my discovery of this mode of preparing it at a very low temperature, been pro duced in solid but porous or fiocculent form. Never, before. however, has it been produced by means of such a menstruum as liquid ammonia. which possibly accounts for this.

This novel material is particularly available for use in the formation of a catalyst for the synthesis of ammonia from its elements, when operating under pressure, as noted.

\ihen placed in the catalytic chamber of a suitably constructed apparatus and subjected to a mixture of pure hydrogen and nitrogen. in combining proportions and under pressure, this material or rather a modification thereof,--since the catalyzing substance turns black under these conditions, before 200 C. is reached,-efliciently synthesizes ammonia at temperatures as remarkabl low as 300350 C.

Indeed, this cataly'i even produces ammonia at the temperatures noted, at a pressure as low as that of the atmos )here, although gradual decomposition also takes place for a while, under such a low ressure,HCN being very slowly given 0 for a number of hours.

eculiarly, however, this slow decomposition appears to substantially cease after a time.

Here then is a catalyst of the character in question which requires but a comparatively low pressure, e. g. twenty-five atmospheres or lower to stabilize it practically from the beginning of its use under operative conditions and it is produced at around 200 (3., so that it permit of its employment as an effective catalyst at a temperature offrom 300 4350 0., and, if desired, under quite reasonable pressures. This catalyst, by the way. although derived from a cyanid, responds to the characteristic tests for a cyauamid, after its production in manner a foresaid.

The factors which I believe are of importance in catalysts for the purpose in questiou, if they are to he really effective, may now be briefly enumerated.

1. They preferably comprise carbon directly united to nitrogen by a plurality of bonds: although in some instances, as noted, one of these elements may be absent,-at least initially.

2. They should preferably be open or porous in structure, whether supported on a carrier or in the form of lumps, or the like.

3. They should be produced at a low tempcrature, ireferably in no case above a black heat and desirably much loiver.

4. They should be of such a nature that they tend to dissociate to some extent at least, in the presence of the gases beiiw treated, and at the temperature at whie. they are used, if not subjected to sufiicient pressure to overcome said tendency and ren der them stable while yet leaving them extremely active catalytically.

The tendency to dissociate (and its prevention) in the observed manner, appears to be of, great importance and its value in a catalyst for ammonia synthesis has apparently never been hoted by any of the numerous investigators in this art. By virtue of this tendency the catalytic material is so aeti c that its constituents are able to evnnescently combine with one or both .of

the gases being treated, probably to afford the continuous delivery in the pores of the catalyst of said gasor gases in nascent condition or possibly in actual combination as ammonia.

Further, so far all am aware, no one seems to have realizedthat such substances which thus tend to dissociate at insufficiently lllgll pressures when under the remaining r uisite conditions, can be rendered just so ciently stable for the intended purpose by subjecting them to a hi her pressure. As to the pressure required, tiat of course will depend u )on the catalytic material used, as above in icated. It will also depend upon the temperature of the operation; and normally tie lower the temperature at which the synthesis can be eflected, the better, for several reasons.

In the first place it is well recognized that the higher the temperature, the less the ammonia content that can exist in a mixture of nitrogen, hydrogen and ammonia, assuming equilibrium to have been established. Conversely, then, with a real! efficient catalyst for low temperature syntiesis, the possible yield of ammonia increases as the tempera ture is lowered toward, say 250300 C.

Secondly, the employment of such low temperatures obviates substantially all of the tremendous difficulties attendant upon the use of high pressures with suitable and not prohibitively costlyapparatus, at temperatures which range around 450 C. or

more.

In this disclosure it is my desire to point out those factors concerning catalysts for ammonia synthesis which appear to have been overlooked, and in this connection I may state that while. thus far, I have considered, by way of example, only substances having a metallic base, 82. g. Ca-(J'N ,-it is by no means essential that the catalyst be of this nature.

Thus, I may heat dry silver cyanid, AgtN, in, for example. an atmosphere of nitrogen at coo-soc C., to produce paracyanogen. ((N),. Some of the cyanogen is driven oil", especially if the operation be conducted at atmospheric pressure, but the greater portion of the cyanogen polymerizes to paracyanogen, a blackislrbrown product. Pressure favors the production of this material. W'hen substantially all of the cyanogen which will not readily pol erize has been driven off, the material, whi h is normally in the form of an expanded porous mass, is then available for use as a catalyst for the usual mixture of nitrogen and hydrogen,.preferably in combining proportions. The synthesis may be conducted at a low temperature, such as is hereinbefore referred to, and is preferably eflected under. pressure to with certainty prevent further decomposition of the catal st, which of course is to be avoided wit this or any other hydrocyanic-acid yielding substance,

The silver, left in somewhat connected formation in the catalytic mass, seems to be principally of value as a heat conducting ,by dilution w'ith water.

medium to aid in equalizin the tempera- 'llttl'fi'flf the catalyst througiout, when in uses/The ammonia forming reaction is of course exothermic but proper control of the temperature of the incoming gas mixture in C(JIjUHCtiOD with the heat conductive metal in and about the catalyst, affords means to prevent impairment of the process by possible undue rise in temperature in the interim parts of the catalytic mass or masses when the latter are relatively large.

It is, of course, by no means essential. that the paracyanogen be produced as above described. Also, since it is soluble in concentrated sulfuric acid in the cold, it may by this means be introduced into the pores of a suitable support, 0. g. pumice,to be precipitated upon the Walls of said pores As the precipitate is insoluble in water, it may then be thoroughly Washed free from the acid and dried, preparatory to use in manner aforesaid am also aware of a number of r'ilu'i similar catalytic substances in which the metals are conspicuous by their absence, this important line of catalysts being one which has apparently received no consideration from investigators heretofore; butit is believed that the above example will suflicc in an already, necessarily rather voluminous disclosure.

To exemplify how efficiently ammonia synthesis may be conducted by means of my invention, it may be here noted that by the use, for example, of calcium cyanamid produced at a low temperature, as above described, as the catalyst, and when operating at a temperature of even as high as 425 (1, under somewhat less than one hundred atmospheres pressure, I obtain 19 volume-per cent. of NIL; with the gaseous mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen in combining proportions, flowing through the catalyst at the rate of 30 liters per hour.

This yield can, of course, be materially raised by elevating the pressure, and espe* cially if the temperature be somewhat lowered while so doing.

In general, I may add that I prefer to raise the pressure as the temperature is lowered, since the inexpensive apparatus employed is then of course better able to with- ,stand the higher pressure.

So far as am aware no one has heretofore actually effected the synthesis under pressure of more than possibly a trace of ammonia, when operating at temperatures even as low as 300 C., and I believe this to be possible only when such extremely active catalysts as those above described are employed. Obviously, at the lower tent peratures noted, while the equilibrium percentage of ammonia is higher than for more elevated temperatures, [the reaction tends t6 proceed less vigorously and it is for this reason that I prefer higher pressures when operating at the low temperatures indicated. ()n the other hand, to obtain the best results, the catalyst should be selected which, for example, at a given comparatively low temperature, is relatively unstable at such temperature when a pressure is used which is, say, a few atmospheres below that actually employed in the synthesizing operation. In other words, it is possible to over-stabilize a given catalyst by the use of an excessive pressure for such particular catalyst, to in large measure offset the grain from the increase in pressure, principally by renderin r the catalyst less sensitive or cllicient.

The temperature at which a given Latalyst is or can be produced, usually seems to have a. bearing upon the point as to the temperature at. which such catalyst is likely to begrin to evince instability at a given pressure.

Finally. this brings me to a point upon which I desire to lay some eniphus Ill-rctolore, inventors and investigators appear to have attcmptml to employ catalyst pro (hired at temperatures above those at which such catalysts are used. in most instant-cs such catalysts are then altogether too stable to e even moderately cilirient.

i prefer, on the contrary, to actually pro duce the catalytic material. per ac, at a temperature below the S \"l\i.l1L":;l/.ll1g temperature, or even, in some cases materially below the ten'iperature at which the ammonia is to be formed -thc latter cases, more especially, where. very high pressures are subsequently employed duriiu the synthesis, to stabilize. such catalysts.

This procedure I believe involves a distinct departure in the art.

The present case is a division of my application Serial No. H1558, lilcd June 25, 1918, and entitled Annnonia. synthesis catalyst.

H aving thus described my invention, what I claim is:

1. The process of synthesizing ammonia from its elements which comprises effecting said synthesis at a temperature below 550 C. by subjecting hydrogen and nitrogen under pressure to the influence of a catalytic compound which includes an atom of carbon united to two atoms of nitrogen, said compound beinp one produced at a temperature less than 550 C. and having a tend ency to dissociate, in part at least, when subjected to a current of nitrogen and hydrogen at the same temperature at which said synthesis is effected, but at atmospheric pressure, the pressure aforesaid to which the nitrogen and hydrogen are subjected when in contact with said catalyst beiin; such as to overcome said tendency and stabilize said compound while yet leaving it catalytically active.

2. The process of synthesizing ammonia stable.

from nitrogen and hydrogen, which comprises eflecting said synthesis at a temperature below 550 C. through the intermediacy of a carlie-nitrogenous catalyst prod need at a temperature at least as lowas that used in cll'cctiug said synthesis and which catalyst is unstable when subjected to hydrogen at a temperature substantially equal to the synthesizing temperature but at a pressure below that at which synthesis is effected, and stabilizing said catalyst, when in use, by pressure ap ilied thereto through the nitrogen and hydrogen to be synthesized.

3. The process o'fsynthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, which comprises effecting said synthesis at a tempera tunbelow 550 (K, through the intermediacy (it a carbon:itrogcnous catalyst produced at a. temperature materially below that at which the synthesis is effected and which catalyst is unstable when subjected to hydrogen at a temperature substantially equal to the syn Ihc-izing temperature but at a pressure be that at which said synthesis is cfl'cctcd, and abilizing said catalyst, when in use. by pressure apilied thereto through the ni trogen and by rogen to be synthesized.

4. The process of synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, which comprises producing an expanded porous carbonitrogenous catalyst at a iven temperature by causing the evolution 0 gas substantially throughout the mass of material from which said catalyst is made, and syuthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen at a temperature above said given temperaturc while maintaining the stability of said catalyst, during said synthesis by exerting pressure thereupon.

5. The process of synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, which comprises effecting said synthesis under pressure through the intermediacy of an ex panded porous catalyst which includes an atom of carbon directly united to two atoms of nitrogen, said pressure at which said 5 nthesis is effected being sullicient to stabi ize the catalyst under operating conditions which at a lower pressure would render the material of said catalyst chemically un- 6. The process of synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, which comprises eflecting said synthesis under pressure through the intermediacy of a catalyst which includes an atom. of carbon directly united to two atoms of nitrogen, said ressure at which said synthesis is eti'ecte be ing sufficient to stabilize the catalyst under operating conditions which at a lower pressure would render the material of said catalyst chemically unstable.

7. The process of synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, which comprises effecting said synthesis under pressure through the intermediacy of a catalyst which includes an atom of carbon directly united to two atoms of nitrogen, said pressure at which said synthesis is effected being sufiicicnt to stabilize the catalyst under operating conditions which at a lower pressure would cause some of the hydrogen present. in the gases being treated to combine with nitrogen and with carbon present in said catalyst to form hydrocyanic acid.

8. In a. process for cutalytically synthesizing ammonia from its elements, the ste which comprises subjecting to contact with nitrogen and hydrogen, catalytic material capable, at the temperature of the synthesizing operation and when undermerely atmospheric pressure, of yielding cyanogen to form with said hydrogen, hydrocyanic acid, and while thus subjecting said material to contact with hydrogen at said temperature, maintaining said hydrogen and nitrogen under pressure sutticient to prevent said formation of hydrocyanic acid.

f in a process for synthesizing ammonia from its elements, the steps which comprise preparing a highly porous catalytically active cyanamid compound which is unstable under the conditions of the ammonia synthesizing operation when atmospheric pressure is employed, and preserving said compound from dissociation during said operation, by exerting pressure thereupon.

10, n a process for synthesizin ammonia from its elements, the steps whic comprise preparing a cstalytically active cyanamid compound which is unstable under the conditions of the ammonia synthesizing operation when atmospheric pressure is employed, and preserving said compound from dissociation during said operation, by exerting pressure thereupon.

11. In a process for synthesizin ammonia from its elements, the steps whic comprise preparing a catalytically active cyanamid com JOUIld the base of which is an alkaline cart metal and which compound is unstable under the conditions of the ammonia synthesizing operation when atmospheric pressure is employed, and preserving said compound from dissociation during said operation, by exertin pressure thereupon.

12. In a process %or synthesizin ammonia from its elements, the steps whic comprise preparing a eatalytically active carbo-nitrogenous compound which includes alfalkaline earth metaiand which compound is normally unstable under the conditions of the ammonia synthesizing operation, subjecting said compound while sub ect to the influence of a stabilizing agency to contact with nitro en and hydrogen at .a temperature at WE which, also, hydrocyanic acid would be produced if the operationjwere conducted der atmospheric pressure, by combmatybn ich ammonia can form and at of a part of said hydrogen with some of the carbon and nitrogen of said. compound, and preventing said formation of l'iydroryaniu arid while noinciduntly favoring tho pro durtion of ammonia through the internmdiaoy of said stabilizing agenry.

125. In a proress for s \;uthosiaing an'mionia from its elements, the stops \\'ili('ll urnnpriau preparing a vat-.llytivally artiro -arbo-uii'rogvnous rompound \vhirh inviudos an al kalino mirth metal and \Vllllll ronipound is normally unstablv uudrr lluconditions of the ammonia syntlmsizing operation, subjecting said rompound to vontart, wilh nitrogen and hydrogen undulprvssure greater than aimosphoriand at a temperature at which ammonia can form and at which, also, hydrooyanio acid would be produced if: the operation were conducted under atmospheric pressure, by combination of a part of said hydrogoi'i with some of the (rarbon and nitrogvn of said compound, and preventing said formation of hydrocyanir arid whilo coinridentally favoring the production of amulonia by said applirathin of pressure.

in testimony whereof I have afiixed my signaburv, in the prosonro of two witnesses.

JOHN COLLINS CLANCY.

\Vitnussos CIIARLEH F. VAUF ELSA Vomvmm. 

